Jorge Mario Bergoglio, SJ (born December 17, 1936) is an Argentine cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He has served as the Archbishop of Buenos Aires since 1998. He was elevated to the
cardinalate in 2001.
[edit] Early life
Jorge Bergoglio was born in
Buenos Aires, one of the five children of an Italian railway worker and his wife. After studying at the
seminary in
Villa Devoto, he entered the
Society of Jesus on March 11, 1958. Bergoglio obtained a
licentiate in
philosophy from the Colegio Máximo San José in
San Miguel, and then taught
literature and
psychology at the Colegio de la Inmaculada in
Santa Fe, and the
Colegio del Salvador in Buenos Aires. He was
ordained to the
priesthood on December 13, 1969, by Archbishop Ramón José Castellano. He attended the Philosophical and Theological Faculty of San Miguel, a seminary in San Miguel. Bergoglio attained the position of novice master there and became professor of
theology.
Impressed with his leadership skills, the Society of Jesus promoted Bergoglio and he served as provincial for Argentina from 1973 to 1979. He was transferred in 1980 to become the
rector of the seminray in San Miguel where had had studied. He served in that capacity until 1986. He completed his doctoral dissertation in Germany and returned to his homeland to serve as confessor and spiritual director in
Córdoba.
Bergoglio succeeded Cardinal Quarracino on February 28, 1998. He was concurrently named
ordinary for
Eastern Catholics in Argentina, who lacked their own
prelate. Pope John Paul II summoned the newly named archbishop to the consistory of February 21, 2001 in
Vatican City and elevated Bergoglio with the papal honors of a cardinal. He was named to the Cardinal-Priest of
Saint Robert Bellarmino.
[edit] Cardinal
As cardinal, Bergoglio was appointed to several administrative positions in the
Roman Curia. He served on the Congregation of Clergy, Congregation of Divine Worship and Sacraments, Congregation of Institutes of Consecrated Life and the Congregation of Societies of Apostolic Life. Bergoglio became a member of the Commission on Latin American and the Family Council.
As Cardinal, Bergoglio became known for personal humility, doctrinal conservatism and a commitment to social justice. A simple lifestyle has contributed to his reputation for humility. He lives in a small apartment, rather than in the palatial bishop's residence. He gave up his chauffeured limousine in favor of public transportation, and he reportedly cooks his own meals.
Upon the death of Pope John Paul II, Bergoglio, considered
papabile himself, participated in the
2005 papal conclave as a
cardinal elector, the conclave that selected
Pope Benedict XVI. A widespread theory says that he was in a tight fight with Ratzinger until he himself adviced crying not to be voted.
[1] Earlier, he had participated in the
funeral of Pope John Paul II and acted as a
regent alongside the
College of Cardinals, governing the Holy See and the Roman Catholic Church during the
interregnum sede vacante period. Cardinal Bergoglio remains eligible to participate in
conclaves that begin before his 80th birthday on December 17, 2016.
During the 2005 Synod of Bishops, he was elected a member of the Post-Synodal council. Catholic journalist
John L. Allen, Jr. reported that Bergoglio was a frontrunner in the 2005 Conclave. An unauthorized diary of uncertain authenticity released in September 2005
[2] confirmed that Bergogolio was the runner-up and main challenger of Cardinal Ratzinger at that conclave. The purported diary of the anonymous cardinal claimed Bergoglio received 40 votes in the third ballot, but fell back to 26 at the fourth and decisive ballot.
On November 8, 2005, Bergoglio was elected President of the Argentine Episcopal Conference for a three-year term (2005–2008) by a large majority of the Argentine bishops, which according to reports confirms his local leadership and the international prestige earned by his alleged performance in the conclave. He was reelected on November 11, 2008.
[edit] Liberation theology
Bergoglio is an accomplished theologian who distanced himself from
liberation theology early in his career. He is thought to be close to
Comunione e Liberazione, a conservative lay movement.
[edit] Abortion and euthanasia
Cardinal Bergoglio has invited his clergy and laity to oppose both abortion and euthanasia.
[3]
[edit] Homosexuality
He has affirmed church teaching on
homosexuality, though he teaches the importance of respecting individuals who are gay. He strongly opposed legislation introduced in 2010 by the Argentine Government to allow
same-sex marriage. In a letter to the monasteries of Buenos Aires, he wrote: "Let's not be naive, we're not talking about a simple political battle; it is a destructive pretension against the plan of God. We are not talking about a mere bill, but rather a machination of the Father of Lies that seeks to confuse and deceive the children of God." He has also insisted that
adoption by gays and lesbians is a form of discrimination against children. This position received a rebuke from Argentine president
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, who said the church's tone was reminiscent of "medieval times and the Inquisition".
[4]
[edit] Church and AIDS
His doctrinal orthodoxy emphasizes Christ's mandate to love: he is well remembered for his 2001 visit to a hospice, in which he washed and kissed the feet of twelve AIDS patients.
[edit] Social justice
He consistently preaches a message of compassion towards the poor, but some
who? observers would like him to place a greater emphasis on issues of social justice. Rather than articulating positions on matters of political economy, Bergoglio prefers to emphasize spirituality and holiness, believing that this will naturally lead to greater concern for the suffering of the poor. He has, however, voiced support for social programs, and publicly challenged free-market policies.
[edit] Relations with the Argentine government